Contemporary Issue on Chit Funds -“The Invincible”

A contemporary issue report on CHIT FUNDS â€Å"THE INVICIBLE† 2013-2014 Made by : Fakhruddin Badshah PREFACE This record outlines the significance, presentation, overview,its working,online chit reserves, I illuminated most recent news about this area and furthermore attempted to cover the most recent upsteram and downsteam parts of this division (chit subsidize organizations). My point of composing on this issue is who will going to stop the fraudulant exercises being finished by this organizations. I picked this segemnt for my contemporay on the grounds that this is going extremely basic among the individuals in today’s time.So I thought lets part with the detail of this section to the individuals. With the assistance of this report individuals will come to recognize what precisely going on in this area. This part is growing quickly like anything. This improvements has become an impetus for the development of vigourous chit finance organizations in all over India. So what arrangements ought to be made to check the supposed bogus practices done by these organizations or fragment. Subsequently it is the to think and follow up on it to secure the enthusiasm of little financial specialists and their well deserved earnings. Record Introduction| 5-7| Overview of chit fund| 8|How chit subsidize works| 9-11| 2012-2013 Highlighted News about chit-fund| 12-13| Who will stop chit reserves? | 14-18| Report of MCA| 18-21| Benefits| 21-22| Drawbacks| 23| Safety from Chit funds| 24| CHIT FUNDS †â€Å"The Invincible† Introduction: A chit subsidize is a sort of investment funds conspire rehearsed in India, other than different types of reserve funds plot offered by different open and private area banks, post workplaces, protection partnerships and so forth. Chit Funds are indigenous money related establishments in India that oblige the monetary needs of the low-pay family units, which have been rejected from the formal budgetary framework. Chit†, in the legitimate domain, implies an exchange whether called chit, chit support, chitty, kuri or by some other name by or under which an individual goes into a concurrence with a predetermined number of people that all of them will buy in a specific entirety of cash (or a specific amount of grain rather on account of towns) by method of periodical portions over a distinct period and that each such endorser will, in his turn, as controlled by parcel or by sell off or by delicate or in such other way as might be indicated in the chit understanding, be qualified for the prize amount.In basic words, A chit finance is an investment funds acquiring plan, in which a gathering of individuals go into a consent to contribute fixed sums occasionally, for a predefined timeframe. The sum so gathered (or the chit esteem) is dispersed among every one of the people reciprocally, which is dictated by method of parts or a closeout. Chit reserves give a chance to spare abundance money on an every day, week after week or month to month premise, and give a simple access to it if there should be an occurrence of crisis. Chit reserves are what might be compared to the Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCA) that are celebrated all through the world.ROSCAs are a way to â€Å"save and borrow† all the while. It is viewed as perhaps the best instrument to take into account the requirements of poor people. It empowers needy individuals to change over their little reserve funds into single amounts. The idea of chit supports started over 1000 years prior. At first it was as a casual relationship of merchants and family units inside networks, wherein the individuals contributed some cash as a byproduct of a gathered whole toward the finish of the residency. Investment in Chit reserves was chiefly to buy some property or, at the end of the day, for â€Å"consumption† purposes.However, as of late, there have been colossal adjustments in the constitution and working of Chit reserves. While in many spots ROSCAs are client possessed and sorted out casually, in India, chit reserves have been officially standardized also. Lawfully perceived firms give an assortment of chit plans. A Chit Fund can either be legitimately enlisted or unregistered. Enrolled Chit Funds, as the name proposes are being controlled under the different Chit Fund acts. While unregistered Chit Funds are chaotic and for the most part run by the dear companions, family members or relatives of the investor.Unregistered Chit Funds which surpass 100 ($2) in esteem are illicit in India, in spite of the fact that it is very notable that unregistered Chit Fund industry is extremely famous in India, for the most part in the rustic and semi-urban zone, where individuals have next to no entrance to the financial administrations and where monetary absence of education is more. The guideline of the Chit Fund industry was set up by the Government of India to address the issue of abuse of cas ual Chit Funds by deceitful advertisers and authors fleeing with the participant’s reserves, leaving the individuals with little plan of action to recover their cash back.Chit assets in India are administered by different state or focal laws. Sorted out chit finance plans are required to enlist with the Registrar or Firms, Societies and Chits. Different Chit Fund Acts administering the business in India are as under: * Union Government †Chit Funds Act 1982 (Except the State of Jammu and Kashmir) * Kerala †Kerala Chitties Act 1975 * Tamil Nadu †Tamil Nadu Chit Funds Act, 1961 * Karnataka: The Chit Funds (Karnataka) Rules, 1983 * Andhra Pradesh †The Andhra Pradesh Chit Funds Act, 1971 * New Delhi-The Chit Funds Act,1982 and Delhi Chit Funds Rules, 2007 * Maharashtra †Maharashtra Chit Fund Act 1975 Uttar Pradesh: Uttar Pradesh Chit Funds Act, 1975 * Goa, Daman and Diu: The Goa, Daman and Diu Chit Funds Act, 1973 * Pudducherry/Pondicherry: The Pondicherry Chit Funds Act, 1966. An outline of chit reserves: The financial improvement of a nation relies on the accessibility of assets. The fundamental exercises that add to the development are creation and business. Creation relies on the contributions of the variables, for example, money, crude materials, work and so forth. The most significant here bring fund, which is the boss activated of the considerable number of elements of production.In a cash economy, account for advancement at first originates from private investment funds. These private reserve funds provide for the auxiliary stores; this is the place the monetary foundations come into picture. Monetary foundations possess a focal spot in preparing investment funds from the individuals and make it accessible to the exchange, trade and enterprises either as a capital or credits. The non banking segment includes cash moneylenders, indigenous financiers, pawn intermediaries, nidhis, â€Å"chit funds† etc.The source of chit assets can be followed route back to the seventeenth century when the monetary wizards of territory of Malabar (presently known as the province of Kerala) began this movement. Those were the individuals who really established this budgetary foundation. It turned out to be so well known and various that individuals began embracing this movement as a calling by the eighteenth century everywhere. As the chit business developed the quantity of individuals associated with this industry additionally developed. This offered ascend to numerous misinterpretations, fakes, blunder and so on , in this industry.To forestall this State Government of Travancore took the primary activity and presented the main Chit Fund Regulation being the Chit Fund Act 1914. One significant guideline presented by this demonstration was that of a commission payable to the foreman. The Act realized a roof limit on the commission payable to the foreman that is 5% most extreme which is as yet the equivalent even to t his date. How chit supports functions: Chit finances which are famous from an exceptionally lengthy timespan yet at the same time a few people don’t know how precisely this chit finance functions and put away their cash illogically.This can be comprehended by the accompanying strategy: Let’s state there are 20 individuals who meet up and structure a gathering. Every one will contribute Rs 1,000 every month and this will proceed for next 20 months (equivalent to number of individuals in the gathering). In this gathering there will be one coordinator, who will take the torment of fixing the gatherings, gathering cash from one another and afterward doing different methods. So every month all these 20 individuals will meet on a specific day and store Rs 1,000 each. That will make a sum of Rs 20,000 each month.Now there will be an offered on who will take this cash. Normally there will be not many individuals who are needing large sum in light of some explanation like some huge costs, liquidity crunch, business issue, Beti ki Shaadi and so on and so on Out of the considerable number of individuals who are needing cash, somebody will offer the most reduced sum, contingent upon how frantic he is for this cash. The individual who offers for the most minimal sum wins the offer. Assume out of absolute 3 individuals who offer for 18,000, 17,000 and Rs 16,000, the person who offers the most minimal will win.In this case it’s the individual who has offered Rs 16,000. There will likewise be â€Å"organizer charges† which are around 5% (standard) of the aggregate sum, so for this situation its 5% of Rs 20,000, which is Rs 1,000. So out of the complete 16,000 which this champ would get, Rs 1,000 will be deducted and the victor will get just Rs 15,000, Rs 1,000 will be coordinator charges and Rs 4,000 is the benefit, which will be shared by every single part (each of the 20 individuals), it comes out to be Rs 200 for each individual, and it will be offered back to each of the 20 members.So here you can see that the principle victor assumed a major misfortune on account of his urgent need of getting the cash and others profited by it. So every individual really paid only 800, not 1,000 for this situation (they got 200 back). Note that when an individual takes the cash in the wake of offering, he can’t offer from next time, just 19 individuals will be qualified for offering. Presently one month from now something very similar occurs and assume the best offer was Rs 18,000 , then champ will get 17,000 (subsequent to deducting the coordinator expenses) and the rest 2,000 will be partitioned back to individuals (Rs 100 each) . So every individual is paying successfully Rs 900.This way every month all the individuals contribute the cash, somebody takes the cash by offering l

Persuasive paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Convincing - Research Paper Example been a subject of an incredible number of conversations, discussions, and contentions, particularly since willful extermination and helped self destruction got lawful in a scope of nations. While the rivals of authorization asserts that is its, actually, legitimization of a homicide just as debasement of a person’s life, I trust it ought to be sanctioned in light of the fact that it liberates individuals of agony and enduring they can't persevere. History of killing reaches out back more than a huge number of years, in particular to the fifth century BCE. Notwithstanding the way that in Ancient Rome and Greece specialists were obliged to follow the Hippocratic Oath, a great deal of them could offer toxin to their patients if the last asked them to. In the hours of the Middle Ages, the issue of willful extermination and helped self destruction was not talked about because of the way that the congregation was a significant compelling establishment. With the ascent of the Enlightenment in the seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds of years, willful extermination again turned into the inquiry for conversations and discussions; most of individuals were against it. In any case, there was no law that made it unlawful until the 1830s when the primary American law on the illicit status of willful extermination was passed (The Life Sources Charitable Trust). In the main portion of the twentieth century, willful extermination began picking up help in the American culture just as in England. With the start of World War II, the worldwide society changed its demeanor towards the issue because of the way that the Nazis murdered an extraordinary number of individuals with the assistance of willful extermination (The Life Sources Charitable Trust). In the late twentieth, the perspectives on the issue viable changed once more; truth be told, the most recent a very long while might be viewed as the restoration of the conversation just as the reexamination of the need of willful extermination authorization as the cutting edge society is getting increasingly more steady of making it lawful. Coming up next are the contentions for legitimization of killing; the vast majority of them depend on the necessities of the individuals who call for it. The principal reason

Fireweed is written by Skye Brannon Essay

The short story â€Å"Fireweed† is composed by Skye Brannon, it is an anecdote about a youngster named Baluta. He emigrated from West Africa to US, with his sibling Jato and his sitster in law Sama. The story is about how a customary workday can trigger recollections from an earlier time. In the first place his recollections are loaded up with joy, since it is about his family back in Liberia. Be that as it may, as the story develops, his recollections, which he urgently binds to overlook presents them selves. The principle character, Baluta moved to US around 1980-1990’s as a result of the common war in Liberia. In the short story it is composed thatâ€Å" The war will be coming our direction soon. It was the first run through Baluta saw dread behind his father’s solid eyes†. This might be the motivation behind why Baluta left Africa and moved to US. Baluta and jota isn't exceptionally well-spoken. What's more, their concern with the English language is depicted by the writer subbing an ordinary English jargon and decide to compose sentences excitedly, for example â€Å" Dese Americans, Joto stated, on the off chance that you tell demy out Mandika name, dey appear as though you have given dem a riddle†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In spite of the fact that the characters may have a few issues with the language, it isn't said straightforwardly that they are moronic. Moreover is appears that Baluta is an insightful youngster, who focuses on the individuals around him. He is quick to cause the individuals around him to feel great in his organization, and he thinks that its miserable when he is unequipped for making life simpler for other people. He feels tragic that he have to utilize the vehicle, to get the opportunity to work, since then his family need to rise ahead of schedule to swindle the buss to work. Furthermore, another model is that he ensures that the individuals he works with doesn’t have any issues articulating his name and along these lines decides to take the name Joel. He is extremely kind to others, despite the fact that he had a hard youth in Liberia. He was an observer to the homicide of his family and shockingly the memory of this despite everything frequents him. His terrible youth, have made him in to an exceptionally touchy individual. Despite the fact that he has moved to US to improve life, he stills live in a ghetto[1] which is seen in eighth sentence in the start of the content â€Å"Baluta washed in the shower, cold after his sibling and sister-in-law had theirs† this citation shows how poor they are, on the grounds that they don’t have enough heated water for three individuals to shower toward the beginning of the day. In any case, not just the issue with the heated water shows how poor they are, the vehicle Baluta use to go to work each day is in such awful condition that Jota alludes to it as the â€Å" Swiss Chevy† like the Swiss cheddar. Furthermore, the endeavors of the conduit tape interwoven and the whistling sound the vehicle makes at speed, explains its condition. The short story follows a sequential storyline, with certain flashbacks. Everything begins with Baluta thinking about his younger sibling Alanso. His memory of her is adoring and cheerful like her self when she was alive. Which is referenced in the content â€Å" It was Alanso’s giggle, streaming like pigeons out of her brilliant grinning mouth. It was Alanso’s snicker, out from between those cheeks got the sun and held it in a warm sparkle the remainder of the day†. In the wake of having the main flashback, his day carries on as typical. On his approach to work, he passes a great deal of golf resorts and drives trough a major entryway, this door can represent a â€Å"gate back in time†, to his time in Liberia, on the grounds that on the opposite side of the entryway he gets an another flashback. The local he drives in helps him to remember his dad and the monkeys he used to prepare. Another flashback comes to him as he sees Tiffany’s precious stone ring mirrors the daylight into his face. He can hear his dad letting him know â€Å" they discovered a few precious stones in their mountain†. He comes back to his work, just to be helped to remember his previous ones once more. Just by hearing the word Fireweed, he is stepped back to the time where he lost his family or some of it. He remembers everything, and are ones again compelled to stand eye to eye with death and misfortune. There are numerous topics in this short story, yet a portion of the principle subjects are misfortune, he looses his family or some of it, which he are attempting to overlook, the precept, Wherever you go, your issues will tail you, despite the fact that you attempt to run or some way or another attempt to escape from your issues they will tail you until you manage them. This appears to underline topic here. Another subject is migration. A few people escape from their homes, go get to a security. This short story can turns our existence, and places in an immigrants’ shoes. This short story makes us consider life and demise, and that it is so natural to misfortune somebody you love and are power to leave everything to get to security.

Sociology by Martin Phan Essay - 825 Words

Sociology by Martin Phan (Essay Sample) Content: NameProfessorTitleDateSocial MediaThe article written by Martin Phan, one of our avid readers tries to highlight the positive and negative impacts of social media. Social media are tools, availed through mobile or web based that enable people to share information, socialize, and even engage in discussions. These type of media enables users to participate and connect from whichever part of the globe they are in. There are different forms of social media. These include social networks such as twitter and Facebook, blogs, wikis such as Wikipedia, podcasts, forums and content communities such as YouTube to highlight just a few. Social networking sites are the most popular having millions of members and thousand new members joining daily. These social networking sites allow users to create a profile, create with other users and then connect (Boyd Ellison 216).As stated in the previous paragraph, social media has both advantages and disadvantages. We look at both the posit ive and negative implications because of social media. On the positive side, social media has had on society. The power to connect billions of people around the world is one positive impact. Social media has broken distance barriers and enabled people who are miles apart to have a real-time conversation. This promotes connectedness and a sense of belonging. Many people have been able to connect with their friends and families who live overseas through the power of social media (Dewing 3).Social media has also contributed to economic growth. Due to the massive reach available in these platforms, individuals and businesses have been able to advertise on these platforms. This has enabled them to reach millions of customers who also make purchases online without having to meet physically. Businesses have been able to experience massive growth thanks to social media. People have also been able to access job opportunities through such forums. For example if an employee in organization kno ws about a vacant position, he or she will spread the word through her circle of social networks and a qualified candidate may get hold of such information.Social media has also encouraged civic engagement and political participation. Political leaders are using the social medial platforms to reach out to their supports. As such, they are able to engage in discussions and mobilise their supporters. Politicians also share their daily activities in these platforms to maintain a closer connection with people and to remain relevant. Gone are the days when leaders only used to engage the citizens through gatherings. Politicians have also gone a step ahead to hire a public relations individual to manage their social media profiles. This shows how important social media is in shaping the future of the political field. The current United States president heavily relied on social media to win votes when he first ran for the presidency (Collin et al 19).Social media have also boosted educatio n and learning. School projects, meetings and even online discussions posted in these forums also promote education. Students in any part of the world can engage in discussions with their counterparts without having to travel or meet physically. The exchange of information is fast enabling learning varying content within a short span of time. Spending time online is also enabling young people to acquire knowledge and technical expertise required to operate in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s technology driven world.As much as social media has driven change, there are negative impacts it had on society. Those most affected by the negative impacts of social media are young people since they spend most of their time online as compared to adults. Research has indicated that spending too much online has led a break down in human relationships. People no longer have the time to communicate verbally with their friends and prefer to do it online. Interpersonal face-to-face communications no longer exist. The ability to have face to face conversations has been taken away and replaced by gadgets that we communicate with to pass the message. This has led to a breakdown in human relationship and erasing the need to communicate with each other.Cyber bullying is another negative impact contributed by social media. Many so...

Community Supervision Is Not A New Concept - 1335 Words

Introduction Adult Probation, also known as community supervision is not a new concept that is occurring in today’s criminal justice system in the United States. In the year 1841, John Augustus introduces probation in the United States in Boston and later recognized as the â€Å"Father of Probation† (Petersilia, 1997). John Augustus convinced a judge to release a drunkard into his custody to help the man find a job and become sober. After Augustus’ success in his first case, he began to offer his services to other individuals involved in criminal activity. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, approximately 267,400 Ohio residents were under community supervision at the end of 2013. With a high amount of individuals on probation in Ohio, the question should be asked â€Å"How can adult probation departments around the state of Ohio have the greatest impact on such a large group of individuals?† At Summit County adult probation, this student has observed that most probation officers have caseloads with approximately 120-140 probationers at any one time. Probation officers have a difficult time giving adequate attention to each offender on their caseload. Petersilia stated in her article â€Å"Offenders in large urban areas are often assigned to 100-plus caseloads, in which meetings occur at most once a month,and employment or treatment progress is seldom monitored. 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The first concept for juvenile services was a house of refuge, however, it took 20 years for this concept to become a physical reality. From 1850 to 1882, Maryland built four more facilities for juveniles. These new â€Å"reform houses† were governed by private boards and segregated by race and sex. All of the â€Å"houses† were eventually organized as training schools andRead MorePrison Case Study1224 Words   |  5 PagesCreating a New Program Dallas County Jail houses inmates that are currently awaiting trial for cases that they have be charged or alleged to have committed. Many of the inmates of the Dallas County jail are eligible for a bond that is previously set by Magistrates/ Judges upon the inmate’s arrest for the alleged offense. The inmates often face the possibility of losing employment and housing as well as possible family crisis as a result of current incarceration. 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Persuasion As A Political Leader - 905 Words

In today’s society, we are easily influenced to think and act a certain way. For example, we are influenced by the media to buy things and meet certain standards, however, we often don’t protest or question why. Through persuasion, one alters another’s perspective on an event or occurrence and because of this, people usually tend to accept what is being said or portrayed. According to Petty and Cacioppo (1986), there are two routes to persuasion. When one tries to persuade another by being more caring and have a good understanding of the message they are delivering, this is called the central route to persuasion. The second route to persuasion is better known as the peripheral route to persuasion. This occurs when the one being addressed simply agrees with what is being said based on certain superficial cues rather than the actual message. Political persuasion methods are widely used, especially in campaigns. As a political leader, one detains the ultimate power to influence the population. Being a political leader, however, is never easy. Sometimes, one must make tough decisions that many of the population might not agree on. For instance, if a person in power chose to bomb a foreign country, this would create mayhem and thus his followers or just people in society would start to doubt his decision and may lead to riots. This specific political leader must debate his case and persuade the population that his decision was the right thing to do. In order to do so,Show MoreRelatedPolitical Power1656 Words   |  7 PagesPolitical PowerÂ… Many political philosophers would argue that political science is nothing more than the study of political decision-making and how it affects the daily lives of the populous. Politically, having the ability to influence others is a very strong power that beckons responsibility. 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Information Technology Service Management and Opportunities

Question: Discuss about the Information Technology Service Management and Opportunities. Answer: Introduction: In this project report the detailed description of case study has been given in which implementation of the ITSM in the NNIT is performed. NNIT is discovered in Novo Nordisk in the form of an internal department of IT. This case study has a main objective to reveal some set of information to the organization of IT to specify like the way of starting a project, how an organization can fight with the challenges at the time of initiated a project, what to be done in which way or what not to be done and also acquire information regarding the benefits and outputs that are to be attained at the end of project implementation. There are many organizations who delivers IT services claim that they are using service portfolio along with service catalogue. But most of IT organizations are sure about the both term not even properly know the difference between them. With the help of this project report confusion between the both term service catalog and service portfolio will be cleared and that w ill be beneficial to the IT service provider to apply and implement them both in a correct manner. Some service tools that are associated with the service portfolio to make understand them better will be explained in this project report. In the last, the report would include some recommendation by the effect of which organization can be able to manage its portfolio in an effective and efficient manner. By effectively managing its portfolio IT organizations can generate more profit. ITSM Importance in the NNIT The full form of ITSM is Information Technology Service Management (Thejendra BS., 2008). This term used to define a strategic tactic in relation with the managing, delivering, designing and also enhancing the methods with the help of which IT is to be used to execute the activities of an organization. To attain the goal of an organization it is important for ITSM to make assurance that the right people, right technology and the right process are to be acquired. ITSM makes focus on to satisfy the desire of its customers and fulfil the objective of NNIT in an effective manner (Shen et al., 2012). ITSM includes some features of the organizations like issues, expectation and outcome received from the IT management team. Before implementing ITSM within NIIT, it is basis requirement to identify the zones in which ITSM is working (Pentecost and Andrews, 2013). There are three areas described below: Technical area it involved technology related services that are only made up for particular areas or zones. Organizational services there is a particular specific role in this service in which activities are being performed. For instance, services which includes activities regarding sales (Maizlish and Handler, 2010). Application area this area mainly emphasises on a specific application that is associated with the activities of business. For instance, Email services and ERP services. Here are some framework regarding to the ITSM are as follows: ISO 2000 ITSM has some basic requirement and that is to be described through the ISO 2000. This standard is considered as the universal standard (Lapiedra, Alegre and Chiva, 2011). In spite all this fact, British Standards Institutions established this standard to follow up the required processes that are described in the framework of ITL. Some frameworks like Microsofts Operations Framework are to be supported by ISO 2000. ITIL ( Information Technology Infrastructure Library)It is considered as a set of comprehensive practices for the ITSM which make sure about the IT services arrangement according to the requirement of the business activities. This approach is globally accepted to the ITSM as well as it is acquired by individual as well as business companies in all over the world (Grnroos, 2016). ITSM importances for NNIT are described below: To develop better relation between the IT department as well as primacies of business there are several departments in an organization and they are having different thought in relation with any concept by the effect of which misunderstanding and conflicts arises between the IT department and business department employees (Geum, Shin and Park, 2011). These misunderstandings may sometimes lead to diverting the focus of departments from attainment of goal and disturb all the ongoing activities within the organization. For reducing these types of situation, it is important to implement ITSM in NNIT to eliminate conflicts and develop better relation between these two departments by which they can easily focus on their goal through which the productivity of an organization increase and further that lead to make more revenue (Fischer and Sterzenbach, 2013). Combines organizational processes there are various processes in an organization that are being performed like, managing event, managing issue as well as problem management, in such processes ITSM plays an important role through which these functions can be assimilated in better way with the affect of which NNIT can be able to manage its functions effectively and NNIT can also be able to attain more revenue through this. Develop efficiency ITSM is considered as most important tool for the NNIT by which the overall efficiency of organization will be enhanced that will further lead to better productivity (Corporation, 2014). By developing more efficiency into its operations, NNIT can be capable to get maximum utilization of the resources. Easily Suppliers recognition to recognise their suppliers is considered as most important task for an organization in which ITSM works as an important tool to recognise its suppliers for the organization with the effect of which assembly scope evaluation is being performed in order to acquire the better output which can be take further in future (Cleminson et al., 2007). Apart from the above importance, ITSM is also easily responsible, preventative, repeatable, and stable and process focused (Boronyak, 2014). Process of ITIL The main function of ITIL is to manage as well as offer proper guidance to the services regarding IT apart from this ITIL is an effective approach for NNIT (Conger, 2009). IT services offer a proper set of methods by which assurance can be made regarding optimization of cost as well as many other eco-friendly features are required to be focused upon in an efficient manner. There are various features and processes which are provided by the ITIL. ITIL consists of five stages that are service strategy, service operation, service design, transition of service and service continuous enhancement (Jntti, and Hotti, 2015). Service strategy - First stage of ITIL is service strategy which assists in providing proper guidance in respect with all the processes regarding designing, developing and implementation of several IT service management (Mckinley, 2011). In service strategy, it is assumed that the various planning as well as target which are associated with the market must be recognised by the NNIT. Service design this is second stage of ITIL process in which ITSM processes and functions is to be managed and provide help to the company regarding development and design several approaches by which required support is to be given to the approaches that is going to be initiated in service designing (Pollard, 2010). Service transition in third stage of ITIL process, service transition provide help to the acquaintance of business and to the experts in order to survive in change in an effective manner (Weistroffer, 2011). This stage supports the organization when changes need to be done within NNIT without making any interruption to the other performing operating activities. Service operationthis is fourth stage of ITIL process which provides a relevant set of information in respect to practical aspects of the daily ongoing functions. Department o information Technology has a main aim is to execute functions which are cost effective, reliable, efficient and take less effort. In service operation stage all the services should be delivered to the customers without interrupting other operating services (Thejendra BS., 2008). Service continuous enhancement In every services of the organization or IT department there is always a scope for improvement to make things better. In this phase, service continuous enhancement is considered to be an important aspect for the organization by which some areas or department that need improvement would be initiated (Shen et al., 2012). Thorough this stage of ITIL, NNIT can easily recognise the areas in which improvement can be done to turn up functions most effective by which organization can easily attain its objective. ITIL process provide assistance to the NNIT to compare its achievement in regarding to the service provisions as well as possible enhancement can be executed where needed (Pentecost and Andrews, 2013). Service Strategy Certain set of confusion was being seen in the earlier stages of the ITSM strategies in relation with basic differences between the IT service portfolio and the IT services catalogue (Maizlish and Handler, 2010). Although services portfolio and service catalogue are the two different aspects but both are termed as the important part of the IT organisation. The work that is being done in the service portfolio is completing the work for the clients of the company; for example the project on which the company is working on currently as well as the project in which the use of future proficiency is mostly being done are the projects which are being included in the service portfolio (Lapiedra, Alegre and Chiva, 2011). On the other hand service catalogue stands for the services which are delivered by the organisation so as to fulfil the requirements of the customers these services are time in which the project will be completed, time of the delivery of the products or services to the custom er and the cost of the product and services charged to the customers by the organisation (Grnroos, 2016). These are certain aspects which are being included in the services catalogue. More effective set of information will be availed by evaluating the difference between the IT Services Catalogue and IT service Portfolio the difference between both the aspects is given below: Sr. No. On the basis of IT Service Catalog IT Service Portfolio 1 Definition The catalogue which helps in availing effective as well as defined information related with the IT services and the products which are currently in the active condition in which all the information related with the services as well as products which are going to be launched in near future are also being taken into account are known as service catalogues. Information related with the nature as well as type of the services, objectives which are related with the services, ways in which the services related with the projects will be carried out, cost that would incur in providing the services, time taken so as complete the services and the time at which the services will be delivered is being availed in service catalogue (Corporation, 2014). The process which includes all the documents and the related aspects which are used in the lifecycle of the management of various products as well as services of the IT sector is known as service portfolio (Geum, Shin and Park, 2011). This is the comprehensive document which also includes appropriate set of information related with the products which are being availed to the customer at present time or the products which are still available in the pipeline and the products which are not at all offered to the market (Fischer and Sterzenbach, 2013). 2 Document It could also be said that service catalogue is an outward facing document which is being used for the client of the company or for the end users of the products and services. It could be said that service portfolio is an internal only process in which documents related with the IT services are put in the chronological form and are being used in the internal processes of the company only (Cleminson et al., 2007). 3 Benefits With the help of service catalogue delivery of the services can be optimized. It helps in boosting the efficiency of the IT in which redundancy is being uncovered and also helps in reducing the waste and provides the facilities on the economic scale. It helps in improving the communication with the client. Provides the support system which is more sensible and effective. It ensures that the proper synchronization between the goals of the business and the IT services could be developed. It helps in creating an effective decision making environment. Impact of the services on the business could be accessed with the help of portfolio services (Boronyak, 2014). 4 Perspectives Articulation could be done with the help of the business point of view: With the help or services catalogue the services which are designed for the IT are being designed so as to provide a direct support for the strategic capabilities (Conger, 2009). Various technical services are also being defined so as to provide sustainability to the business. Articulation is being done from the customers point of view: Reason behind why should a customer buys the services which are being availed by the company? Reason behind why customers should prefer to buy the services? The type of the components and the features which are preferred by the customers (Jntti, and Hotti, 2015). Factors that provide assistance to NNIT to execute a service portfolio To assure about the management resource and devotion The cost which incurred in implementing a service portfolio within NNIT is very high (Mckinley, 2011). It consumes additional time not only to describe, explain as well as establish the services but also to manage, enhance and enlarge the IT framework. The main objective of NNIT is IT service provisioning. In spite of that, NNIT not only has one necessity to execute service portfolio within the premises but also to create an investment for expanding business in the recent high competitive environment in order to sustain into the market. It is required to have a defined roles and functions for the properly execution of service portfolio into an organization (Pollard, 2010). The facility of implementation of service portfolio within the organization is provided by the external experts and also provides assistance to execute the project and make it happens as well keeping it lively. To allocate the required resources in a proper mann er is considered as the basic requirement for the organization in order to implement the project. NNIT get help from the hardworking resources as well as management commitment for implementing service portfolio into premises (Weistroffer, 2011). Common service language this is requires to be assumed that the organization change management necessity can be focused at the time of executing a service portfolio as well as service catalog. Organization should hire the experts and consultants who understand the entire stages or process of ITIL, should execute the project of ITSM. At that much expertise is not expected from the other organizational resources (Thejendra BS., 2008). In order to plan, assess as well as explain the service, a common service language is needed with the help of hired expects and owner of service from the different region in ITOS. It is important to define the terms like security level aims, service packages, service and utility and warranty etc. with the help of a vocabulary. The entire is all about describing the difference between service catalog and service portfolio. To develop common service language is important for NNIT to implement service portfolio (Shen et al., 2012). Service Portfolio Tools To manage service portfolios in a proper way acquiring some useful tools by which portfolio can be supervise in an effective manner. These tools are considered as the better management source in order to make better choices in respect with the investment in IT as well as provide proper set of guidance in regarding transformation of Information Technology to provide proper set of support to the nosiness (Pentecost and Andrews, 2013). These are some tools which provide assistance in better management is discussed below: ALFABET is an essential tool to manage the service portfolio. This tool possesses all the features that must be required for the service portfolio management. There are some benefits which are offered by this tool are described as under: ALFABET provides assistance to the business to monitor the service portfolio for providing assurance that the process is to be implemented on the basis of associated business approach for which some demands and capability are needed (Maizlish and Handler, 2010). This tool provides assurance for managing and monitoring the changes occurred in the service portfolio in easier as well as in trustworthy manner. Through this software, organization can be able to recognise the process association of needed changes into the service portfolio by which benefit can be acquired by the organization and also helps to recognize the influence on experts of Information Technology (Lapiedra, Alegre and Chiva, 2011). Through this tool, a relevant set of method is to be provided to the stakeholders functions by offering them a defined role which is suitable for them. With the help of this tool functions can be monitored which are required for service portfolio management. It enhances the overall accountability by authorization the service portfolio to evaluate the portfolio, decision making, data capturing and IT governance. By using this tool, the problem of crashing portfolio is eliminated (Grnroos, 2016). This is one more important tool which helps in managing the service portfolio. This tool is capable to monitor one or more than one service portfolio at one time. In relation to this sorting of status to variables, portfolio construction as well as configuration of portfolio is to be suggested. It includes various advantages and these are as follow: ItmSUITE provides assistance in analysing the configuration, construction and status of service portfolio (Geum, Shin and Park, 2011). Through this portfolio a proper approach is to be developed on which basis right decision regarding the construction of service portfolio is taken. Provides assistance in making proper construction of portfolio. By involving service provides itmSUITE helps to diagnose the approach which needs to be given By involving ITSM within NNIT, it can be able to effectively manage and monitor the service portfolio by which better decision is to be taken regarding the business process. Some years ago, NNIT did not possess latest Information Technology software by which it could easily manage the service portfolio but in present time, if NNIT wants to develop more value it should install the new technology software (Fischer and Sterzenbach, 2013). Clarizen is one of them which provide suitable solution that provide assistance in making better decision. By using this tool investment will be increase on the distribution of resources, decision making as well as recruitment (Corporation, 2014). This tool set particular standards and helps to execute the undertaken processes with the help of which performance is improved of the service portfolio. It provides ease while implementing the process of change by imitating it on the basis of required change which needs to be taken. Provides better approach for project selection as well as also relevant support to KPI process to make it even (Cleminson et al., 2007). Conclusion On the basis of above project report, it is cleared that ITSM is an important tool for the NNIT to make better management of service portfolio and by using his tool implementation of the same is to be done in an effective and efficient manner. To acquire several benefits, NNIT needs to implement ITSM within the premise. ITIL process has also been included in this project report by which life cycle management is to be monitored. The confusion between service portfolio and service catalog has been cleared throughout this paper. For NNIT, it is essential to include all these factors that need to be focused upon. All the process provides assistance to the organization by offering a proper set of information in respect to the products and service that are being provided by the organization at now. It is assumed that all the tools which are described above should be used by the NNIT in order to manage the service portfolio in a better way. And these tools are Clarizen, itmSUITE and ALFABET. Through these tools NNIT can be able to manage the service portfolio. The basic difference between the service portfolio and service catalogue must be cleared to the NNIT. References Boronyak, J. (2014, 12 15). Service Portfolio Vs. Service Catalog: Whats the. Retrieved 4 28, 2017, from enfocussolutions.com: https://enfocussolutions.com/service-portfolio-vs-service-catalog-whats-difference/ Conger, S. (2009). Information Technology Service Management and Opportunities for Information Systems Curricula.International Journal of Information Systems in the Service Sector, 1(2), pp.58-68. Jntti, M. and Hotti, V. (2015). Defining the relationships between IT service management and IT service governance.Information Technology and Management, 17(2), pp.141-150. Mckinley, M. (2011). The 5 Stages of the ITIL V3 Service Lifecycle. ASford Global Information Technology. Pollard, C. (2010). Global Issues in IT Servitization and IT Service Management.Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 13(4), pp.1-3. Cleminson, R., Karsay, O., Moussakova, E. and Voutova, N. (2007).Catalogue of the Slavonic cyrillic manuscripts of the National Szchnyi Library. Budapest: Central European University Press. Corporation, E. (2014).Career Guidebook for IT in Investment Management. London: Essvale Corporation. Fischer, T. and Sterzenbach, S. (2013). Wertorientierte Portfolio-Steuerung von Shared Service Centern.Controlling, 25(7), pp.360-366. Geum, Y., Shin, J. and Park, Y. (2011). FMEA-based portfolio approach to service productivity improvement.The Service Industries Journal, 31(11), pp.1825-1847. Grnroos, C. (2016). Internationalization strategies for services: a retrospective.Journal of Services Marketing, 30(2), pp.129-132. Lapiedra, R., Alegre, J. and Chiva, R. (2011). The importance of management innovation and consultant services on ERP implementation success.The Service Industries Journal, 31(12), pp.1907-1919. Maizlish, B. and Handler, R. (2010).IT (Information Technology) Portfolio Management Step-by-Step. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Pentecost, R. and Andrews, L. (2013). The importance of importance: Its impact on decision-making in mall retail categories during an economic downturn.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(5), pp.463-470. Shen, S., Zhang, T., Wu, H. and Liu, Z. (2012). A Catalogue Service for Internet GIServices Supporting Active Service Evaluation and Real-Time Quality Monitoring.Transactions in GIS, 16(6), pp.745-761. Thejendra BS. (2008).Practical IT service management. Ely, UK: IT Governance Ltd. Weistroffer, H. (2011). Portfolio Selection For Service Systems.Journal of Service Science (JSS), 1(1), p.31.

Mass of the Earth free essay sample

Introduction Geology is a way to know the content of the earth and how the earth works. This activity is going to show the mass of the earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass of the Earth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The reason is to show how scientists determined the mass of the Earth, and an example of one of the ways to estimate the mass of the earth. Knowing the mass of the earth is important because it helps us to understand what is in the center of the earth, and how the earth operates. Several historical figures have discovered the mass of the earth. Henry Cavendish is credited as the first person to find the mass of the Earth (Rubin). Eratosthenes calculated the size of the earth in 276 BC. Newton was incremental in calculating the mass of the earth with his equation of gravity (Wile). Today’s known mass of the earth is 5.98*10^24kg or 598 sextillion kilograms (Wile). One way to can calculate the mass of the earth is by finding the time it takes to rotate around the sun and using the equations of gravity and centripetal force to calculate the mass of the earth. This method takes equipment to calculate the mass of the sun and the velocity which cannot be done in a classroom without the information pre- given in a text book (Wile). Methods How can the mass of the earth be estimated? This experiment will show how that can be done. In this experiment the equipment used includes: six rocks given in class to calculate the average density of rocks, a graduated cylinder full of water, a calculator, and an electronic balance. One of the assumptions that I can make regarding the calculations achieved in the activity include many of the rocks have similar or even the same volume because of their size. Another premise that can be made is the densities are similar in some of the rocks in this activity. The above assumptions are justified in this experiment because three of the volumes are exactly the same in the calculations and the rocks were the same sizes. The densities are also very similar in some of the samples. The reason being is that the mineral content is similar or exactly the same, but arranged differently. One example of this mineral content is basaltic porphyry and basalt; another is granite and pegmatite. Each of these rocks has the same mineral content, but different particle sizes (Wicander, Monroe). Results To determine the mass we placed the first rock on the balance to find its mass and the answer was 25g. Secondly, the rock was placed in water to find the volume, and found the volume was 25mL which makes the density 1 g/mL. Five more rocks were measured in the same way. For the second rock the mass was 50g and the volume was 23mL, making a density of 2.17g/mL. The third rock had a mass was 77g and the volume of 25mL, making a density of 3.08g/mL. On the fourth rock, the mass was 70g and the volume was 25mL, making a density of 2.8g/mL. The mass of the fifth was 33g and the volume was 10mL, making a density of 3.3g/mL. In the final rock the mass was 15g and the volume was 5mL, making a density of 3.0g/mL. The rocks average density is 2.56g/cm3 because you can substitute cm3 for mL since they are equal. To find the mass of the earth we had to know the densities of the rock and the iron. The rock made up 65% of the earth’s material, and iron made up the other 35%. The density of the iron was given as 7,874 kg/m3.The density of iron had to be multiplied by .35 to find the final density of iron in the earth. Then the new density (2,756 kg/m3) was multiplied by the given volume, which is 1.08321e21m3 to get a mass of 2.9853e24kg. Next I had to calculate the density of the rock in kg/m3 which ended up as 2,560kg/m3. That density had to be multiplied by .65 to get the density of the total rock of the earth. The answer is calculated as 1,664kg/m3. To get the mass, I multiplied the given volume by the density of the rock, which was calculated as 1.8025e24kg. Finally to get the mass of the earth, the mass of the iron had to be added to the mass of rock. The mass of the earth was found to be 4.78e24kg. Table 1 Density in kg/m3 Volume in m3 Mass in kg Mass of the Earth in kg Rock total in earth 1,6641.08321e21 1.80246e24 4.78e24 Irontotal in earth 2,756 1.08321e21 2.98533e24 Discussion The mass of the earth calculated by me compared to the one discovered by real scientists is that mine was 4.78e24kg but the real mass was 5.98e24kg (Wile). The reason for the difference is being the water was not part of the calculation. Also what would play into this would be the amount of rocks used. It would change the density of the earth because all rocks have different densities, and the more rocks used the more accurate the density will be. Another factor is how we calculated using a geologic equation while scientists used the gravitational pull of the sun and Newton’s equations on gravity to find the mass of the earth. Ways I could improve my results include using more rocks to make a more precise average density of rocks in the earth to find a closer answer. In addition, the density of water could also be used since water also takes up a huge amount of the earth. Another way that would work is finding the density of nickel since there is a significant amount of nickel in the center of the earth, which would give a more accurate mass. Conclusion In conclusion, in this activity the densities of various rocks were calculated, then averaged. The given information was used to calculate the mass of the iron portion of the earth. After that, the mass of the rock portion of the earth was calculated. Then both of those masses were added together to give the total mass of the earth. References â€Å"Eratosthenes: Greek Scientist.† 9-30-16. Rubin, Julian. â€Å"Henry Cavendish: Weighing the Earth.† June 2013. Wile, Jay L. Exploring Creation with Physics. Anderson, IN: Apologia Educational Ministries,2004. Print. Wicander, Reed, Monroe, James S. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, 2013

How a Battle of Memories Got Me Thinking on Memorial Day

How a Battle of Memories Got Me Thinking on Memorial Day Memory. I’m writing this on Memorial Day, and I ask you: Do you trust your memory? I have recently had several occasions to consider the question of memory. The first and most personal was a battle of memories. Some of you may remember that I sent a survey out to my readers- with entry into a raffle as a reward for completing it- but forgot to collect contact information along with the survey responses. When I wrote an email apologizing and asking for names and email addresses, I also mentioned that I would like to know who called me an â€Å"adorable genius.† The Battle In an odd twist, not one but two people claimed to have written the â€Å"adorable genius† quote! And they both had clear evidence in their own minds that they had written it. I tried every way I could think of, jogging their memories and getting concrete evidence. Neither recognized, upon my sending them, the answers to the other two questions in the survey. Both have Charter as their Internet Service Provider and live in Madison, so the IP address and location contained in the SurveyMonkey report were of no use. And both expressed a level of hurt that I would doubt them. After various exchanges with both men, I believe that each of them believes he wrote the comment. I will probably never know which one of them it actually was. If you have an idea of how to solve this quandary, please let me know. In the meantime, I’ll accept that memory is not perfect. And I will be honored that at least two people in my life have such a positive sentiment toward me. Perhaps in this particular case, the truth doesn’t really matter in the end. The Importance- and Unreliability- of Memory In other situations, mistaken memory has greater consequences. I have been listening to the Amanda Knox story, Waiting to Be Heard  , a memoir of an American college student wrongly convicted of murder in Italy. Following the murder, Amanda was questioned repeatedly by police until she did not trust her own memory. Amanda was not an eyewitness to the crime, but was the first person to discover the crime scene. She was therefore questioned aggressively, and was ultimately, in part because she did not report every detail of what she saw consistently, accused of and sentenced for the murder. According to Wikipedia, it is well-accepted that eyewitness testimony in trials is fairly unreliable and should not be viewed as the absolute truth. A person’s mood can affect how he or she remembers something- and moods can swing quite dramatically at the time of a crime. Furthermore, in something called the â€Å"misinformation effect,† someone’s memory can become compromised because of additional information obtained after the event. The Journal of the Association for Psychological Science published a study showing that simply recalling a memory enhances or distorts it! (See Lifehacker’s Why Your Memory Sucks (and What You Can Do About It) and Double Woods 4 Crazy Things We Misunderstand About Human Memory for engaging explorations of these topics!) The Delusion of Trusting Memory If something as simple as this can make memory unreliable, why do we ever trust our recollection of events? Furthermore, why do we trust ourselves to remember to do the things we say we’re going to do? Last week I had a short homework assignment to do for a non-credit personal growth class I’m taking. The assignment was given on Monday and was due on Wednesday night. I did not put time in my calendar to do it. All day Tuesday I thought about doing the assignment, but I wanted to wait until I had more material to put into it. Guess what? Wednesday night came and went, and I had not done it. I am also notorious for thinking I’ll remember what I need from the grocery store, then forgetting a key item I meant to buy. Yet I persist in almost never writing down my shopping lists (and in doubling back to the store to get what I forgot). Perhaps if the grocery were 50 miles instead of a 5-minute walk from my house, I would change my system. Write it Down! On a group business coaching call last week, one of the participants expressed frustration that an employee did not remember how to do a task after learning how to do it. Sometimes this employee didn’t remember having done the task at all. The obvious solution was to have this employee write down everything he does and document it. This way he can repeat the task later and also have evidence of what he has done and not done. The truth is, our memories are almost completely unreliable. We are overly confident in our ability to remember things, and we make a lot of mistakes due to that overconfidence. Not only that, but we expect other people to remember things accurately! I am still baffled that two people are 100% certain that they wrote that  Ã‚   â€Å"adorable genius† comment. But after the little bit of research I did on memory, it makes sense that at some point their memory was simply altered. Clearly, writing things down is a great antidote and solves many memory issues. If I had collected information the first time around for my secret admirers, I would have known who gave me the â€Å"adorable genius† compliment. If I put things on my calendar I almost always remember to do them. If I put things on a shopping list I buy them. If I write down my brilliant blog ideas I remember to write about them! While I know writing things down is a good idea, I imagine I will continue to do so only sometimes- until something becomes a big enough problem that I need to make a change. Memorial Day On a day like Memorial Day, we are called to remember in a different way. This day is an opportunity to honor the men and women we have lost. Yet most of us go to parties and picnics without thinking too much about the solemn aspects of the holiday. Our memories are so unreliable that we forget to remember at all. On this Memorial Day, whether we remember accurately or not, let’s remember that sometimes the point is, quite simply, just to remember. Category:Life and LeadershipBy Brenda BernsteinMay 25, 2015

Amount of life insurance to purchase Research Paper

Amount of life insurance to purchase - Research Paper Example 4. Estimate future income needs. 5. Anticipate special needs. This review follows these steps to a life insurance value. I am a 30-year-old man with a wife, same age, and two children, ages 2 and 4. I enjoy a good job paying $50,000 per year, and my wife earns $30,000. Our net take home pay is about $40,000 after all deductions. If I should die early, I want my wife to be able to stay at home and parent the children full time. We have managed to save $25,000 cash in checking and savings accounts. We have a portfolio of mutual funds, $48,000, securities, $10,000, IRAs, $6,000, and a 401K with $6,000. Our total liquid assets are $95,000. Currently, I have three times earnings as a life insurance benefit at work and a $10,000 pension death benefit for a total in force life insurance of $160,000. Upon my death, my wife would have liquid assets of $255,000. My death would cost $7,500 in funeral expenses, $5,000 deductible for medical insurance, $22,000 to clear our installment debts and a bout $3,000 in probate costs. These costs total $37,500; so the liquid assets decrease to $217,500. Insurance must replace all of our income for my wife to stay home. An after death adjustment period of two years costs about 150% of normal earnings for a total of $120,000. The children will be dependent for another 20 years.

Write a Dance Performance Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Write a Dance Performance Critique - Essay Example Black and white was the theme of the dance. The aim was to create the classical aspect of the dance. The dancers utilized this theme and created systematic movement that resembled the classical belle and tango dancers. The amateur completion offered more than expected. The diverse nature of the dancers created a connection between the classical music and dance and the modern aspects of dances. Most of the dancers fused these two themes to create a masterpiece much to the delight of the audience. The color background and music fused well with the dance routine hence creating the classical illusion. The focus was on the young pair with black and white Leotards. The pair represented the classical theme through their basic dance routines. The young pair was effective with the legs and hand movement hence creating a unique chemistry. The themes where accompanied by music and costumes. The music failed to represent the main theme. The tango routines where interrupted by quick music provide for by the event organizers. The time allocated to each dance routine was long hence did not match the length of the songs being played. The lack of life performance meant that the dancers depended on recorded music in their routines. The Black and white theme was effective and dancers had to adhere to the costumes recommended by event organizers. The uniformity of costume meant that constants were to be judged based on their abilities rather that overall appearance. Ability in this case meant finding a pair that understands the theme and their knowledge in presenting a masterpiece. The efforts by the dancers were exceptional given the conditions provided for by the event organizers. However, most of the dancers failed to acknowledge diversity in their dance routines. In conclusion, the dance competitions offered diversity in the manner in which

Road to Independence Notes Essay Example for Free

Road to Independence Notes Essay People are reconsidering the policy of colonialism. 1. After WWII, people questioned whether dictatorship was a good idea. 2. â€Å"All nations should be free from the power of other nations. † 3. Keeping colonies had a high cost. It wasn’t worth it. 4. Colonized people pressed harder for freedom. Ex: British-held India II. A Movement Toward Independence A. The Indian’s strive to freedom intensifies. 1. British had power over India for 2 centuries. 2. Britain drafted Indians into WWII in 1939 without the consent of the the colony’s representatives. . Gandhi launched civil disobedience and many who followed were arrested. 4. To gain favor of the Indians, Britain promised government changes after WWII, but didn’t offer freedom. Besides colonialism, India struggles with internal conflict. 1. They have religious disagreements. 350 million Hindus 100 million Muslims 2. The Congress Party (aka Indian National Congress: India’s national political party) was made up mostly of Hindus, and a few Muslims. C. The Muslim League is created. 1. The Muslim League (1906) is the organization against the mostly Hindu Congress Party, aimed to protect Muslim interest. . (The leader) Muhammad Ali Jinnah asked all Muslims to leave the Congress party. He would not accept independence from Britain if it meant staying under Hindu rule. III. Freedom Brings Turmoil A. The decision of who receives power is being made. 1. The British lost much wealth after WWII, and was ready to turn over their power, since keeping up with colonies was costly. 2. The power will either be given to Hindus or Muslims. B. Muslims resisted Hindu domination. 1. Rioting broke out and in 1946, there were 20,000 casualties in a 4 day clash in Calcutta. C. Pakistan was created. 1. To maintain peace, Britain decided to partition (division of Indian religions into separate nations; idea first brought up by Muslims) India. 2. North western and eastern part of India became Pakistan which was dominated by Muslims. D. Everything in India was being divided. 1. British granted India and Pakistan a month of independence in July 16, 1947. 2. Princes had to decide which nation they’d join. 3. The civil service (courts, military, railways, police) was divided. 4. The differing religions had to decide where to go. E. One million people died during the move to their new nation. 1. Muslims killed Sikhs moving to India. 2. Sikhs and Hindus killed Muslims going to Pakistan. 3. Gandhi went to the Indian capital (Delhi) to ask for mercy, but was killed by a hindu extremist in January 30, 1948. F. Hindus and Muslims fight for Kashmir. 1. Kashmir is at the northern point of India next to Pakistan. 2. It had a Hindu ruler, but the majority of people living there was Muslim. 3. Fighting continued until UN arranged cease-fire in 1949. 4. One-third went to Pakistan (Muslims) and the rest to India (Hindus). IV. Modern India A. India has become the world’s largest democracy. 1. India gained independence in August 15, 1947. 2. Jawaharlal Nehru (the independent nation’s first prime minister) addressed India’s freedom. B. Nehru is the leader. 1. He served the first 17 years of India’s independence as leader. 2. He was a devoted follower of Gandhi. 3. He emphasized democracy, unity, and economic modernization, and became very popular with all Indian groups. C. Nehru pushed India forward. 1. He led newly independent nations into making alliances with other non aligned nations. 2. He reorganized the states by language and pushed for industrialization and social reform. 3. He raised the status of those in lower class (lower castes and women). D. A new leader came. 1. Nehru died in 1964. 2. His daughter, Indira Gandhi, became prime minister in 1966, left office, and was re elected in 1980. E. Challenges set on Indira caused more violent acts and death. 1. Sikh extremists wanted an independent state. 2. The Golden Temple was the Sikh’s religious center. 3. The Sikhs attacked symbols of Indian authority, so Indians troops overran the Golden Temple, killing 500 Sikhs and destroying sacred property. 4. Indira was gunned down by Sikh bodyguards and another murder spree occurred, killing thousands of Sikhs. . Indira’s son, Rajiv, became prime minister, but lost power because of corruption. He was then killed. F. Atal Bihari Vajpayee faced problems. 1. The leader of the nationalist party of India, Vajpayee, faced challenges of overpopulation and strife among religions. 2. The struggle between India and Pakistan was bad, now that they became nuclear powers. India exploded a nuclear device in 1974. For 24 years, India improved nuclear capability in private. In 1998, 5 nuclear tests were conducted. Pakistanis also showed they had nuclear capabilities. The nuclear weapons of both rival groups became an international concern, especially because of Hindus and Muslims continuous struggle over Kashmir. V. Pakistan Copes with Freedom A. Pakistan was already very turbulent and had differences between West Pakistan and East Pakistan. B. The two regions of Pakistan struggled with each other. 1. A tidal wave hit East Pakistan and killed 266,000 residents in 1970, calling for international aid that West Pakistan was not eager in giving. 2. East Pakistan protested and called to end all ties with West Pakistan. C. Pakistan undergoes its own partition. 1. On March 26, 1971, East Pakistan became Bangladesh. 2. Civil war broke out. Indians sided with Bangladesh and Pakistan surrendered. 3. 1 million people died. 4. One-seventh of area and one-half of the population in Pakistan was lost. D. Pakistan is instable. 1. After the death of the first governor general of India, the nation had no strong leader and went through many military coups. First in 1958 by Ali Bhutto Second in 1977 by General Zia Third Benazir Bhutto, Ali’s daughter, became prime minister. Fourth, Sharif in 1997. VI. Bangladesh and Sri Lanka Struggle A. Bangladesh faces many problems. 1. War brought economic and communication issues in Bangladesh. 2. Sheik Mujibur Rahman became the first prime minister of Bangladesh. Interested more in power than making reparations 3. Bangladesh tries to become democratic and fraud and corruption was common. Recently, it has been more stable and Begum Khaleda Zia became prime minister in 2001. 4. Natural disasters were troublesome. Bangladesh (low-lying) is subject to cyclones, tidal waves, massive storms which floods lands, ruins crops, takes lives, and homes. 5. Rapid growth in population put stress on the economy. There is civil strife in Sri Lanka. . Sinhalese Buddhists and Tamil Hindus make up the two main groups in Sri Lanka. 2. Tamils wanted to become a separate Tamil nation and violence occurred in order to do so. Rajiv Gandhi and the president on Sri Lanka made an agreement that called Indian troops to disarm Tamil rebels. A civil war between Tamils and Sri Lankans still exists. New Nations in Africa: Chapter 34 Section 3 I. Setting the Stage A. Africa was also a nation victim to colonization. B. Like India, they were unwilling to return to colonization after WWII, so they also won their independence and went on to creating new African nations. II. Achieving Independence A. A movement is made for Black Heritage. 1. The French-speaking Africans and West Indians grew pride for traditional Africa. 2. The Negritude movement (movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values) was formed. B. WWII changed the views of colonies and colonizers, which helped Africa gain independence from 1950s-1960s. 1. The African joined Europeans in WWII to defend freedom, and were unwilling to return to colonization. 2. The European colonizers developed morale and wondered whether it was a good idea to still hold colonies. In addition to morale, maintaining colonies was costly and wasn’t viewed as something worth losing money for. C. Africa achieved independence in a unique way. 1. Unlike other colonized areas that pushed for independence, Africa was colonized indirectly and directly. Those who were ruled indirectly were able to enjoy limited self-rule and were ruled by local officials. They achieved independence more easily. Those ruled directly were governed at all levels by foreigners and did not have any self rule. To get independence, they had to fight wars. D. Africa struggled even after they gained their independence. . They had to start from scratch: creating a new gov. , and establishing postcolonial economy. 2. Internal conflicts made it hard create stable nations. When colonized by Europeans, Africa was separated by random and many tribes who shared the same culture were divided and enclosed with rival groups, causing violence. III. Ghana Leads the Way A. The Gold Coast, a British colony, achieves full independence. 1. The Gold Coast (South of the Sahara) achieved independence, so British allowed for Africans to be nominated for legislative council. 2. However, they wanted full freedom and created a group. . Kwame Nkrumah (leader of the nonviolent group) organized strikes and boycotts, and was also imprisoned many times, (starting in 1947) eventually being able to liberate the Gold Coast from the British government. B. Good intentions called for opposition against Nkrumah. 1. The Gold Coast became Ghana (from the Ghana Kingdom of Africa) after it received its independence in 1957. 2. Nkrumah, th e first prime-minister and president for life, pushed for industrialization by building new roads, schools, and health facilities. 3. His programs were too costly, and people began to oppose him. C. Ghana still continues to struggle. 1. Nkrumah was criticized for neglecting economic issues. 2. When in China (1966) he was replaced by the police and army in Ghana. 3. The power shifts between civilian and military rule, and Ghana struggles economically. 4. 2000 marks the first open election in Ghana. IV. Fighting for Freedom A. The British is forced to allow Kenyan self-government. 1. The British were unwilling to give Kenyans independence because they’ve taken over prized farmland in the northern highlands of Kenya. 2. The Kenyans had 2 developments which forced British to surrender. Jomo Kenyatta’s (Kenyan nationalist) strong leadership. The Mau Mau, a secret society of mostly native Kenyan farmers forced out of the highlands by British people. B. The Mau Mau fight for independence. 1. Guerilla tactics were used to push out the British from the highlands. 2. Kenyatta had no connection to the Mau Mau but did not stop them from fighting for their freedom. 3. Kenyatta was imprisoned for about a decade. 4. Kenya was granted independence in 1963, however, 10,00 Africans and 100 settlers died. C. After gaining independence, Kenya still faced some struggles from poor leadership. 1. Kenyatta became the president and worked to reunite various groups in his nation, but he died in 1978. 2. He was succeeded by a weak leader, Daniel arap Moi. 3. Under Moi’s leadership was opposition to his one-party rule, corruption, and conflicts between ethnicities killing hundreds and making thousands homeless. 4. He left office in 2002, and a new party gained power through elections. D. Algeria wins independence through battle. 1. Algeria had a population of 1 million French and 9 million Arabs and Berber Muslims. 2. French did not want to share political power with the natives even after WWII. . The FLN (Algerian National Liberation Front) would fight for freedom, and upon hearing this, the French sent half a million troops to fight the FLN. 4. The FLN won and gained independence in July 1962. E. Uncertainty within Algeria calls for civil war. 1. The FLN leader, Ahmed Ben Bella, becomes president and attempts to make Algeria follow socialism, but is overthrown. 2. From 19 65-1988, Algeria tried to modernize, but failed. Religious fundamentalists wanted to make Algeria an Islamic state because they were dissatisfied with the current government and high unemployment rates. 3. The Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) won elections in 1990 and 1991, but the government and army refused the results. 4. Civil war broke out between Islamic militants and the government, and goes on and off until this day. V. Civil War in Congo and Angola A. The people of Congo were unprepared for independence, and it led to turmoil. 1. Belgians colonized and plundered Congo taking all its riches and resources such as rubber and copper. 2. They gave no social services to the natives of Congo, and did not prepare them for independence. 3. They granted Congo (aka Zaire from 1971-1997) independence in 1960, which cause upheaval, and civil war. B. Congo goes through two leaders. 1. Years of civil war sprung up, and Mobutu Sese Seko (aka Colonel Joseph Mobutu) seized power in 1965. He renamed Congo to Zaire and ruled it for 32 years. He held control over Zaire with force, one-party rule, and bribing supporters with gifts. He withstood rebellions. 2. In 1997, he was overthrown by Laurent Kabila (rebel leader). Zaire was renamed The Democratic Republic of Congo. C. Kabila wasn’t the leader people hoped for, and a new leader rises. 1. He became president and promised a democracy, but never delivered it. 2. Civil war broke out again, and rebel groups wanted to overthrow Kabila. . He was assassinated by a bodyguard in 2001. 4. Joseph Kabila, his son, took power and pushed for peace. 5. Rebels stopped rebelling in 2002 in hope that the peace may come. D. Angola (South West of Congo) fought for independence. 1. Angola was ruled by the Portuguese who were unwilling to let go of their colony. 2. An independence movement broke out and Portugal sent 50,000 troops to end it, which wiped out half of Portugal’s budget. 3. The cost of war and the war’s opposition in Portugal called for them to withdraw from Angola in 1975. E. Civil war broke out in Angola. 1. Angola became a new nation, and the MPLA (Communist leaning â€Å"Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola†) declared itself as the government. 2. Rebel groups fought against the government for power. 3. 50,000 Cuban troops and Soviet Union supported the MPLA. 4. South Africa and the U. S. supported the UNITA (the major opposition to the MPLA; â€Å"National Union for the Total Independence of Angola†) 5. The MPLA and UNITA abandoned many cease-fire agreements, but in 2002, a peace accord was agreed to and the civil war ended. Conflicts in the Middle East: Chapter 34 Section 4 I. Setting the Stage A. By the end of WWII, Jewish finally gained its own state, which proved to have bad consequences. 1. The Jewish gained a state that was located by the Mediterranean Sea. 2. It consisted of mostly Arabs who rejected the creation of a Jewish state. 3. Palestinians claimed Jewish states to be theirs, therefore opposing Jewish states. 4. Wars were fought between Jews and Arabs, and Jews and Palestinians. II. Israel Becomes a State A. Palestinians, Jews, and Arabs all claim the same lands (Israel, West Bank, and the Gaza Strip in modern day Palestine). 1. Jews’ reason: 3,000 before, Jewish Kings ruled the lands from Jerusalem. . Palestinians’ reason: land was theirs since Jewish exile on A. D. 135. 3. Arabs’ reason: their conquest of the lands in the 7th century (600s). B. The Jews wanted to return to Palestine and gain a Jewish state centuries after their exile. 1. The Jewish were unable to gain their own state after their exile, and dispersed around the world (Diaspor a). 2. Zionists (people who favored a Jewish state in Palestine) started returning to their homeland during the 19th and 20th centuries (1800s-1900s). C. A British idea of creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine cause sparks between the Jews and Palestinians. 1. The British directed Palestine (League of Nations’ commands) as a result of the loss of the Turkish Ottoman Empire in WWI. 2. Many Jews were in Palestine, and pressed for their own nation. 3. Palestinians opposed the idea, so when Secretary Sir Arthur Balfour of Britain proposed creating a Jewish state while keeping the rights of non-Jewish communities (Balfour Declaration) and the plan failed, tensions rose between Palestinians and Jews. D. The U. S. and many European nations felt sympathy towards the Jews, who were targeted in the Holocaust, so they devised a plan that would give Jews what they desired. 1. The UN General Assembly voted for partition in Palestine, one part being a Palestinian state, the other being a Jewish state, and Jerusalem being an international city owned by no one. 2. The Jews made up 34% of the population but gained 55% of the land. E. The partition was set, although Muslims and Palestines rejected it. 1. â€Å"The UN has no right to make such a proposal without first consulting the majority who will be affected by it. †- Muslims and Palestinians. 2. David Ben Gurion (leader of Jews in Palestine) announced that the independent nation of Israel was formed on May 14, 1948. III. Israel and Arab States in Conflict A. War broke out between Israeli and Arab states. 1. The first one (won by Israel) was a day before Israel became a nation, where Islamic states (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi, Arabia, and Syria invaded Israel. B. The partition wasn’t fully effective because of fighting. 1. Israel seized half of Palestine in 1948-1949. 2. 600,000 Palestinians left to nearby UN sponsored refugee camps. 3. Arabs also seized Palestinian lands. C. War broke out in 1956 during the Suez Crisis. 1. Egypt seized the Suez Canal. 2. Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egyptian president) sent troops to seized the canal controlled by British because he was angry that the U. S. and British stopped financially supporting Egypt’s Aswan Dam. 3. Britain formed an alliance with France and israel to regain the Suez canal. 4. Israel defeated the Egyptians using air support of their European allies. 5. The war ended when the U. S. and Soviets forced Israel and Europeans out of Egypt, ultimately giving Egypt the Suez Canal by the end of the Suez Crisis. D. Another war broke out in 1967, called the Six-Day War. 1. Nasser and Arab allies, equipped with Soviet tanks and aircraft were ready to confront Israel and close off Israel’s outlet to the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba. 2. Israelis knew Arabs would attack, so the struck airfields in Egypt, Iran, Jordan, and Syria, and ground forces defeated Arab states in this Six-Day War. 4. Israelis gained the lands around them (Jerusalem, Sinai Peninsula, The Golden Heights, and the West Bank). 5. They served as buffers for future attacks. 6. Palestinians living in Jerusalem chose Jordanian citizenship, and others not living in Jerusalem went other Jewish control. E. A fourth War broke out in October 1973, called the Yom Kippur War. 1. Anwar Sadat,(Egyptian president who succeeded Nasser) planned an Arab attack on Israel during Yom Kippur. . Sadat was able to reconquer land lost in the Six-Day War. 3. Golda Meir (prime minister of Israel during the Yom Kippur War) counterattacked and regained most the land. 4. After weeks of fighting, a truce was declared. F. Palestinians pushed for recognition and its own state. 1. The UN had given Palestinians its own state during the partition, but the land given was seized by Is raelis during their vast amount of wars. 2. The PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) was organized by Palestinian officials in 1964, and initially consisted mostly of social workers, like teachers, lawyers.

Paradise Lost Essay -- essays research papers

Peter Schrag presents the ills of California?fs current politics in an angry and persuasive tone. He says California used to be ?gboth model and magnet for the nation—in its economic opportunities, its social outlook, and its high-quality public services and institutes?h; however, California started to fade after the passage of Proposition 13, the initiative of tax limits (7). Schrag?fs work clearly shows what is the problem in today?fs California, and it is easy to understand even for those who have little knowledge of politics. By focusing on issues of ?gneopopulism?h which is easy to find in California?fs diversity, he succeeds in giving his readers the sense of crisis not only about California?fs politics, but also the national wide politics because California is the place ?gwhere the new American society is first coming into full view?h (23). Schrag says, about California politics, that: For nearly a generation, there has been increasing focus among scholars, politicians, and journalists on the growing gaps in California—ethic, social, economic—between those who exercise political power and the larger population, and particularly those who are the most immediate users of its public services. What has gotten little discussion is the dynamic of the plebiscitary process itself. While it?fs ad hoc in nature—each measure is decided by voters on its own apparent merits without much reference to the wider context—it has a larger cumulative effect through which statewide majorities restrict the powers of local political majorities, which are often nonwhite. Almost by definition, it is also a device of impulse that tends to be only marginally respectful of minority rights or interests, and that lends itself to demagogic wedge campaigns designed to boost voter turnout for other political purpose. (21) Schrag divides his project into five sections. The middle sections, ?gThe Spirit of 13,?h and ?gMarch of the Plebiscites,?h in which he carefully discusses each important measure in the last two decades, show why so many issues rose. In the first section, ?gGolden Moment,?h Schrag describes ?gCalifornia?fs heyday of post-World War †¡U optimism?h and how it crumbled. Citations from magazines prove that California was a really paradise even from the nationwide view. Schrag also notices that the demographic change deeply relates to California?fs politics in the last t... ...comes clear in this chapter is that the plebiscitary process is problem in California. Most voters and a large portion of media pay attention not on the government and the social welfare, but on their individual benefits. Much amount of money was spent on each measure, and supporters and opponents vehemently argued by using the mass media. Schrag says that the state government of California became a ?gmedia-based?h government. It is clear that California had anti-immigrants climate by Schrag?fs selection of measures. California politicians attacked programs for low-income Californians precisely at the time when California?fs demographic was changing rapidly. Politicians have been urging white voters to cut back on beneficial public services to original Californians. Finally, Schrag concludes his work with some suggestions for ?gthe possibilities for a new political integration and a revitalized social ethic in California?h while he describes ?gthe contrary forces pushing even fur ther toward a market-based governmental ethic?h (20). His work gives us a good opportunity for rethinking recent California and how voters, not only California?fs voters but also the others, should be.